O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&DNávrat zpět

This study complements our long-term systemic research so as to promote technological innovation in the EU countries. The main research goal of this study is to examine technological innovation in the developing EU countries and to identify positive and negative technology innovation-related processes. In terms of the methodology of this research, as the main method was chosen Patent analysis of the WIPO database (1980-2014), which we perform in a long term. The patent data were analyzed, verified and summarized for the purposes of this study and subsequently completed by Bibliometric analysis of the technological innovation activities in these countries - for identifying relevant trends. In the analytical part of our study was in particular examined the overall development of technology patents in the developing EU countries. According to these indicators, among the most successful technology developing countries in the EU mainly belong Poland, Hungary, Romania, and the more successful are also Greece and Bulgaria. Such a long-term study in our conditions has not been realized yet.

This paper deals with the efficiency evaluation of research and development in EU (28) member states. More specifically, it provides an evaluation of human resources (researchers) and total expenditure on research and development (R&D) with respect to the achieved results (the number of publications, citable documents and patent applications to the European Patent Office). The efficiency is assessed by means of a multi-criteria method of DEA-data envelopment analysis-namely the CCR method of an input-oriented model, which enables determining the amount of inputs (expenditures on R&D and researchers) with the maximum output that should be generated in order for a country to be efficient. The aim of the paper is to identify the efficiency of scientific and research activities of the EU member states, on the basis of a quantitative approach by use of the selected R&D indicators. The results proved differences in scientific and research activities in the countries with the application of the DEA method. R&D efficiency in EU countries is evaluated with more indicators (including the H-index). In most cases, the application of another output makes no difference to the position of the countries in terms of their efficiency.

The contribution verifies, whether the competitiveness of the European Union economies tends to converge or diverge. The competitiveness of a country is defined as the ability to create innovations. Innovations represent an important resource of the qualitative competitive advantage, which is crucial for sustainable competitiveness in the long term. We observed the composite indicator development in the time period 2000-2012 with focus on the trend dissimilarities in the European Union. We used a cluster analysis and beta and sigma convergence methods to the convergence/divergence tendency verification. The results of all three methods confirmed the converging trend of competitiveness in the European Union. We found out that initially less competitive economies are catching up with initially more competitive countries and the competitiveness of individual countries as well as the EU as a whole increase at the same time.

Certain fundamentals of the nanotechnology (NT) discipline can be already found in 1870, when two professors Elihu Thomson and Edwin Houston experimented and later patented inventions on the existing arc lamps and dynamo design. The emergence of NT as a new scientific discipline can be found a hundred years later and it is also connected with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope and the discovery of fullerenes. Among the first companies that patented NT were: General Electric, Unisys, Honeywell, DuPont, Bell Labs, and IBM. Among the first patenting areas of NT were: nano-materials, nano-manufacturing and nano-interactions. This scientific study has two particular goals. Methodological part (Chapter 1 and 2) provides a clear insight into selected topical issues of patenting, searching and categorization of NT. This part is often overlooked/simplified in many scientific papers on NT, which brings a lot of uncertainty for this discipline. The second part is the systemic analysis (Chapter 3) that is to provide a clear insight into the patented NT in the EU, based on the comprehensive statistics of the European database of EPO patents (1940-2015). But, the main scientific goal of this study is to make some conclusions for the promotion of innovation and patenting NT in the EU.

The key intention of this study is to outline primary characteristics, the application context and the forms of Technology Assessment (TA). Identifying determinants and effects of a new technology usually requires an interdisciplinary approach. The final "technology picture" should be based on a broader rational consensus of the scientific discussion, but TA can also require the participation of non-experts who can bring a more comprehensive insight into the process. This study also deals with the historical characterization of TA within technology identification processes, as a part of integrated Technology management. The research was carried out based on an intensive literature study, the extensive Bibliometrical analysis especially of the Sciencedirect and the EBSCOhost databases, and several case studies.

The concept of macroeconomic competitiveness became a phenomenon during last decades. Its controversial nature arouses attention of many people all over the world. It is impossible to find a generally accepted definition of national competitiveness as well as the way how to measure and compare competitiveness of countries. This contribution will discuss two models dealing with macroeconomic competitiveness, the original Porter's diamond model and the nine-factor model. Besides methodology, differences and similarities of these models we will be interested in how results of both the models differ. The main goal of the contribution is the identification of differences between the diamond model and the nine-factor model. For practical application of both the models we chose three countries on different development level out of Central Europe: the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary.

Technologická analýza (TA) by mala pomôcť poskytnúť podnety pre systematické a účelné inovácie technologických procesov, infraštruktúry i celého integrovaného technologického systému podniku. TA je do určitej miery aj makro disciplínou, a to z dôvodu potreby širšej kooperácie analytikov s prostredím pre komplexnejšie výsledky, pre širšie akceptovanú technológiu, a pre zlepšenie efektívnosti manažmentu technológií (MT). Technologický radar - ako možný východiskový proces systematickej TA je špecifickým nástrojom na posilnenie technologických inteligenčných kapacít podniku, a to hlavne pokiaľ ide o lepšie využitie budúcich príležitostí na trhu. Významným procesom TA sa stáva aj tzv. do budúcnosti orientovaná technologická analýza (Future-oriented technology analysis), zameraná na skúmanie potenciálnych technologických príležitostí a rizík, silných a slabých stránok technológie, ako aj zvyšovanie povedomia a predvídania manažmentu o budúcnosti či vytvárania konsenzu pri korporatívnom technologickom plánovaní. Táto štúdia má prevažne metodický charakter a zaoberá parciálnou špecifikáciou procesov a nadväzností TA, potrebou budovania technologického radaru podniku a rastu využitia patentovej TA. Uvedená metodika je založená na analýze odbornej literatúry, niekoľkých prípadových štúdií a parciálnej patentovej analýze štatistiky Európskeho patentového úradu.