G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; GoodwillNávrat zpět

Stock prices and their fluctuations are analyzed by investors and analytics due to the possibility of achievement the capital earnings. Many variables can affect development of the stock prices; the main categories are macroeconomic factors, industrial variables, and company characteristics. This paper is focused on company characteristics that reflect success of business activities of individual companies. The object of the paper is to investigate the existence of a relationship between selected financial ratios and stock prices of selected manufacturing companies listed on the Prague Stock Exchange and the Polish Stock Exchange. The semi-annual data is analyzed over the 2006 - 2017 period. The long-term relationship between the selected financial ratios and stock prices is examined by using the Johansen cointegration test. The existence of short-term cointegration linkages is analyzed using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The findings show that there are sporadic relationships between the stock prices and financial ratios. It seems that investors could be interested in macroeconomic factors, industry variables or they do not have a relevant education to evaluate the financial information.

This paper examines whether Borsa Istanbul (BIST) 100 index returns as well as individual stock returns are normally distributed and whether return distributions approach normal for longer return periods. Data include the daily aggregate market returns, i.e., BIST-100 index returns, and 9 firms' daily returns in 3 sectors, i.e. banking, automotive and holding. Data period is from 2004 to 2018Q1. Three types of normality tests, Shapiro-Wilk, Jarque-Bera and Kolmogorov-Smirnow were applied. The results showed that returns seemed to have leptokurtic distribution instead of normal distribution and as the return period increases, distribution of returns approached normal. This suggests that investors should not rely on the normality of returns assumption while evaluating risk for shorter return periods.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the liquidity and solvency of commercial banks in the Visegrad countries during the 2000-2016 period and to determine whether banks that belong to a financial conglomerate are more or less liquid and solvent than other banks in the sector. We used four liquidity ratios and one solvency ratio and compared the value of these ratios of banks with the median values in each banking sector. We will focus on banks from five financial conglomerates: Erste Group, KBC Group, Raiffeisen Bank International AG, Société Générale Group and UniCredit Group. All banks that belong to a financial conglomerate in Hungary are more solvent and mostly more liquid than other banks in the Hungarian banking sector. Banks from all analyzed groups held a higher buffer of liquid assets and mostly focus less on providing loans to non-bank customers. As the other results are mixed (for individual financial groups, individual countries, individual financial ratios), we cannot confirm that banks in a financial conglomerate are more or less liquid and solvent than other banks in the banking sector.

The aim of this paper is to determine the relationship between selected financial indicators and liquidity of companies (corporate liquidity) in selected sectors in the Czech Republic from 2000 to 2015. With the purpose to fulfill the aim, the existence and character of relationship between selected financial factors (debt equity ratio, return on equity, share of fixed assets to total assets, share of earnings before interest and taxes to total assets) and liquidity of the companies in sectors such as mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, service sector and energy sector will be examined. The aim of this paper is also to find out how the liquity of companies affects the debt equity ratio, return on equity and share of fixed assets to total assets. The existence of relationship between selected financial factors and liquidity of companies is tested by correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results show that there is a negative impact of share of fixed assets to total assets on liquidity of companies in service sector in the Czech Republic. The liquidity of companies was positively influenced by the return on equity and negatively influenced by debt equity ratio in energy sector in the Czech Republic. On the other hand, it was found that liquidity of companies negatively affects debt equity ratio in energy sector in the Czech Republic. There was also found that liquidity of companies negatively affects the share of fixed assets to total assets. The impact of other selected variables on corporate liquidity has not been demonstrated in other selected sectors.

The first goal of the submitted contribution is to determine objectified value of the construction enterprises. For a low objectified boundary value is applied Direct Capitalization Method. The main aim of this contribution is using the model of simple linear regression to express value on the appropriate size of equity in the Czech economy in the years 2007-2014. Research sample (N=35) includes medium and large construction enterprises operating in the Czech Republic. The legal form of construction enterprises is Public Limited Company and Private Limited Company. These construction enterprises are valued at eight consecutive years. This resulted in a total of 278 values of construction enterprises. The regression model that includes a total of 278 observations. An integral part of the model of simple linear regression are the assumptions that give the model adequacy. The final regression model can be recommended for expert practice fast, simple, impartial estimate may be used for purposes of business economics. An important part is also a demonstration appropriately selected transformation data series that allows the use of simple linear regression model.

The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of the selected financial indicators on liquidity of companies in selected sectors in the Czech Republic from 2000 to 2015. With the purpose to fulfill the aim, we examine existence and character of relationship between selected financial indicators (debt equity ratio, return on equity, share of fixed assets to total assets, share of earnings before interest and taxes to total assets) and liquidity of the companies in sectors such as mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, service sector and energy sector. The existence of relationship between financial indicators and liquidity of companies is tested by correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results show that there is the negative impact of share of fixed assets to total assets on liquidity of companies in service sector in the Czech Republic. The results also confirm a positive influence of return on equity on liquidity of companies and negative influence of debt equity ratio on liquidity of companies in energy sector in the Czech Republic.

This study focuses on the identification of factors determining corporate capital structure in the Czech Republic, thereby contributing to an ongoing discussion on the capital structure determinants and the capital structure optimization. The paper aims to provide empirical evidence on the basis of the questionnaire survey. To identify the most significant factors affecting decisions of companies concerning their capital structure and debt policy, the statistical methods and procedures were used for the research evaluation. With the help of the factor analysis, the three key factors were derived: the financial aspects of debt financing, the debt as a tool of further development of the company, and the specifics debt and capital markets. The findings of this study moderately support conclusions of the trade-off theory, and the signalling theory. Furthermore, the survey results indicate that the firms in the Czech Republic start to perceive the capital markets as an integral part of the financial market and as a place for obtaining additional funding.

The analysis of influence of liquidity and profitability on the use of debt financing sources is the object of this research. Exploring just these dependencies is based on the idea as far as debt resources must have positive impact on the functioning of companies, it must obtain the best possible conditions. Whereas acquisition of financial sources in the V4 countries is primarily focused on the banking sector, it is expected that companies, whose profitability is an increasing tendency in time and whose liquidity is stable, respectively growing, provide loans under the best conditions. This statement would thus confirm the results of the trade-off theory of capital structure. The aims of this article is finding answer to question whether there is a positive functional relationship between the independent variables (liquidity and profitability) and the dependent variable (using debt sources) in the manufacturing companies in the Visegrad group's countries of during 2006 and 2013 years.

The paper deals with an analysis of impact of selected factors onto the level of use of debt sources in companies in the building industry in V4 countries from 2006 to 2013. The building branch is considered an indicator of development of an economic cycle, so in the context of the current economic cycle the choice of just this industry was adequate. The aim of the paper is to perform an analysis by means of panel regression and correlation and, based on this, to find the impact of fixed assets on assets and the impact of return on equity on the use of debt sources in companies in the building industry in conditions of the V4. The choice of factors is conditioned by prior studies as well as by financial environment where these companies operate. The analysis is done at two levels. The first level monitors the relations on average values in building in individual countries. The latter value processes data by means of panel regression on a sample of building companies in the category of large to medium companies in individual countries. The results indicate whether the generally valid theories are met in the real environment of economies in Central Europe.

The aim of this paper was to compare the strategy of liquidity risk management of banks belonging to Erste Group and Societe Generale Group in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. We have used three liquidity ratios and compared values of these ratios of subsidiary banks, parent banks and corresponding banking sectors. The results confirmed that each bank has own strategy which combines defensive and offensive approaches to liquidity. In terms of sources of funding, subsidiaries are much safer than both parents bank. Concerning the buffer of liquid assets, Societe Generale as a parent bank is much more liquid than its subsidiaries and also than Erste Group Bank and its subsidiaries. Differences between values of all ratios for parent banks, subsidiaries and corresponding banking sectors are statistically significant which is proved by the analysis of variance for a single factor.

Not only developing countries and transition economies perceive the entry of foreign investors, and the inflow of capital, know -how and other tangible and intangible assets as a catalyst for economic development. Therefore, many countries have liberalized access to foreign capital even conscious of certain negative effects on domestic enterprises trying to attract foreign investors. The host countries after some time analyse the contribution and influence of foreign entities in the domestic economy and assesses whether the resulting effects rather negative or positive, and also how foreign entities are operating in the domestic territory. This article, however, deals with a somewhat different type of analysis, it focuses on the assessment of the functioning and prosperity of foreign-owned entities in the Czech Republic compared with domestic entities in selected sectors. The analysis is focused on the development of return on equity (ROE) and gross domestic product (GDP) of industries. The data from the Financial analyzes of the corporate sector for the years 2004 - 2011 published by the Ministry of Industry and Trade was used to analyze. It was the annual data (including GDP) in five sectors: mining, manufacturing, energy, construction and services.

The aim of this article is to identify the main reasons for the implementation of the IPO strategy according to the contemporary theory, and to compare it with practical approaches to this type of financing in companies that implemented the IPO in the Polish capital market. In agreement with the theoretical approaches, respondents from issuer companies mentioned the raising of external equity to be used to finance development investments as the main reason for the IPO implementation. The second most important reason for the IPO implementation is to use publicly traded shares for later acquisitions and mergers. Other important reasons for the IPO implementation include the increase of publicity and enhancement of the corporate image, increase in the company's attractiveness as an employer, and the determination of its market value. As far as disadvantages associated with the IPO are concerned, it follows from the results of our survey that respondents were mainly concerned about the time demands and the cost of the entire process when deciding whether to implement the IPO. Neither the fear of a loss or a curtailment of the control over the company, of the broadening of the shareholders' structure, nor the fear of strategic information leaks and its disuse by competitors gained any empirical support.

Článek zkoumá vliv vybraných bankovních rizik na čistou úrokovou marži (NIM) bank z českého bankovního sektoru. Je odhadován potenciální vliv kreditního, likviditního, úrokového a kapitálového rizika na čistou úrokovou marži bank. Analýza je provedena na ročních panelových datech bank České republiky v období let 2000-2009. Klíčovou metodou zkoumání je panelová regrese s fixními efekty. Z výsledků empirických testů vyplývá, že vybraná rizika nejsou významnými determinanty čisté úrokové marže. Odhady ukazují, že růst kapitálového rizika způsobuje zvýšení čisté úrokové marže. Naopak s růstem rizika likviditního je spojeno snížení čisté úrokové marže.

This article presents and analyzes the issues related to the identification of fraud risk factors and appropriate response to the imminent risk of fraud. The paper presents examples of fraud risk factors in a general way to refer to all aspects of business. Considerations supported the results of research on issues of fraud, which were conducted on a global scale. Also discussed the role of corporate governance in the prevention of fraud.

Jedným z relevantných dôsledkov globalizačných procesov je zostrenie konkurenčného prostredia a následný tlak na výkonnosť podnikateľských subjektov. V posledných rokoch sa popri tradičných ukazovateľoch finančnej výkonnosti kladie dôraz tiež na moderné ukazovatele založené na teórii riadenia hodnoty podniku. Na mieste je tu preto otázka: "Ktoré ukazovatele možno považovať za kľúčové pri hodnotení vývoja finančnej výkonnosti podniku?".
Paleta finančných ukazovateľov indikujúcich finančnú výkonnosť podniku je pomerne rozsiahla. Niektoré ukazovatele sú navzájom úzko prepojené (napr. ukazovatele rentability), no medzi inými nemusí byť priama súvislosť (napr. celková likvidita a rentabilita vlastného imania). Ukazovatele, ktoré vykazujú silnú koreláciu (t. j. ich hodnoty sa vyvíjajú jedným smerom - v smere zlepšenia alebo v smere zhoršenia), nie je nutné sledovať a riadiť súbežne. Za týmto účelom postačí sledovať a riadiť iba jeden ukazovateľ, a to ten, ktorý nie je v žiadnej, prípadne je v štatisticky nevýznamnej korelácii s ukazovateľmi mimo tejto skupiny.
Vyššie načrtnutá úvaha viedla ku formulácii cieľa predkladaného príspevku: "Na základe výsledkov korelačnej analýzy zostaviť súbor kľúčových indikátorov finančnej výkonnosti podniku, ktorý by hodnoverne odrážal finančnú výkonnosť podniku. Súbor indikátorov má obsahovať čo najnižší možný počet finančných ukazovateľov."

Předmětem článku je výkonnost různých typů družstev v období ekonomické recese v ČR. Tato výkonnost je analyzována na základě finančních (kvantitativních) údajů získaných z účetních výkazů družstev. Cílem článku je analyzovat výkonnost různých typů družstev v ČR v letech 2006 - 2008. Dílčím cílem článku je porovnání zjištěné výkonnosti různých typů družstev s průmyslovými podniky, analýza zjištěných odchylek a posouzení dopadů začínající ekonomické krize na družstva.