M41 - AccountingNávrat zpět

Emission of the greenhouse gases has a significant impact on the environment of the whole planet. Innumerable international plenary sessions have agreed only on partial solutions. The signatory countries came up with the instrument which should improve the air quality- the emission allowances. The politicians and environmentalists involved in the Kyoto Protocol and subsequent Paris Agreement have negotiated emission reductions. Achievement of this goal is established for years 2005 - 2030. 43 % of current greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced. Each allowance represents the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO₂) or the equivalent amount of two more powerful greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N₂O) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Allowances are distributed among individual countries, which allocate them free of charge to plants, factories and other fixed installations. These emission allowances can be the subject of trade between these operators. All these facts result in questions related to the accounting methods. How many allowances are needed? Should they be recognised as an asset? Is their price regulation necessary? Can emission allowances reduce greenhouse gases or are government subsidies and compensations - alternatively carbon taxes - more suitable for this purpose? Is the business environment more or less destroyed? The goal of this article is to contribute by critical discussion to easier, fair and true recognition of emission allowances.

This paper deals with the issue of current changes in accounting legislation in the context of international harmonization. The ever-increasing process of globalization, development of international co-operation, foreign participation in domestic enterprises, and capital ties lead to the need to harmonize information from financial reporting so that it is internationally comparable. The paper aims to describe changes in the accounting of accounting entities resulting from the amendment of the Czech accounting legislation with effect from 1 January 2016. The new accounting regulation of the Czech legislation enabled the implementation of the European Union legislation, European Directive No. 2013/34/EU in particular, and increased compatibility with IAS/IFRS accounting system, which corresponds with the general efforts to harmonize accounting systems.

The article deals with analysis of Czech foundations' management transparency in the area of accounting and auditing. The foundations that have received contributions from the Investment Fund for Foundations are compared with the foundations that have not received such contributions. The main aim of this article is to assess if release of legislation regarding foundations in the Czech Republic, which has been in force since 2014, is appropriate. This includes, in particular, the Act on Foundations and Endowment Funds, and the termination of contracts for the transfer of contributions from the Investment Fund for Foundations to foundations. The results of the research can be used for further analyses of the impact of the new legislation on the transparency of foundations, as well as for discussion about the future form of laws regulating activities of foundations in the Czech Republic.

One of the most important tools of cost management is costing. Its predicative capability is significantly influenced by the costing subject definition as well as its relation to the costs incurred. The structure of costs reflected in the costing and the method of overhead costs allocation are also playing an important role. This paper points to the importance of correct quantification of the costs incurred (especially overhead costs) per a costing unit. For this purpose, enterprises use special mathematical methods. The selection of particular method of calculation depends on the nature of production process, technology used in production, ratio between direct and indirect costs in total costs of an enterprise as well as other factors. According to specialized literature, in vast majority of cases enterprises use surcharge calculation as a costing technique for overhead costs allocation. In this regard, the selection of the appropriate cost-allocation base is very important. The model examples illustrate the influence of application of various cost-allocation bases on the single output costing. The results of the questionnaire survey implemented amongst the companies from manufacturing industry, aimed at absorption costing, represent another resource data for the examination and validation of theoretical assumptions.

The paper examines goodwill as a potential subject of management decision-making. It begins with a premise that although goodwill can be of a very high value it is often kept in books without much interest of a company management. This reflects the fact that goodwill emerges as a result of past events and is therefore in only a very limited way useful for company management, which is mostly concerned with a company's future rather than the past. The paper therefore identifies primary (i.e. internally generated) goodwill as a better subject of management than the secondary (i.e. purchased) goodwill. It introduces possible method of its valuation and proposes its allocation to individual cash generating units as a possible technique leading to valuable information to be used by management in managing a company's performance.

This paper deals with the level of compliance of the financial statements to the disclosure requirements of the IFRS 3 Business Combinations. The analysis was performed on the financial statements of the companies listed in the PX and PX-TR market stock index of the Prague Stock Exchange. Financial statements of the period 2011 to 2014 were included in the research. The level of compliance is assessed through the D-score model which allows for an evaluation of the degree of disclosure in the financial statements. IFRS 3 enumerates the disclosure requirements in the form of list of rather detailed information which are required to be disclosed in the notes of the financial statements in the case that business combination occurred in the reporting period. D-score measures the level of compliance of the analysed financial reports with the list of detailed information prescribed by the IFRS 3. The research showed, that the level of compliance of the analysed financial statements varies between 47 % and 86 %. This paper however does not analyse the determinants that cause low level of compliance nor high level of compliance.

Consolidated financial statements present aggregated information for a group formed by the parent company and its subsidiaries. The existence of control is the most important condition to determine the relationship between companies within the group. This article focuses on the adoption of a novelised control concept introduced by IFRS 10. Companies quoted on Prague and Warsaw stock exchanges were chosen to illustrate the impact of IFRS 10. The article provides an analysis of consolidated financial statements in a year of the adoption of IFRS 10 and a year immediately preceding. Summarized findings reveal whether IFRS 10 had a material impact on consolidated financial statements.

Final account is a particularity of local government. All municipalities are obliged to compile it. The purpose of a final account is to summarize the yearly economic activity of a municipality. The aim of the article is to analyse the accessibility of final accounts to citizens based on a performed research. A municipality is the primary community of citizens. The law defines a municipality as an accounting entity obliged to keep books. Unlike companies, which compile annual report, a municipality compiles a final account. According to applicable legislation, a municipality is not obliged to make its final account public. The analysis of accessibility of final accounts has been performed within a selected district of the Moravian-Silesian Region comprising of seventy-two municipalities. The result is a finding that a vast majority of municipalities take advantage of the loophole in the law and forbid citizens from accesing the information on the economic activity of the municipality. The solution seems to be to amend the relevant legislation with the obligation to make the final account public, analogically to the obligation for companies to make their annual report public.

The aim of this paper is to describe, analyze and compare the development of conditions for the activities of foundations and endowment funds in the Czech Republic in the area of legislation and accounting in years 1989 to 2014. The analysis is focused on:
* the development of the legal regulations of foundations and endowment funds after 1989, after the effect of a separate law on foundations and endowment funds up to the present, which is related to the adoption of the new Civil Code,
* changing conditions for accounting, financial statements, the content and the publication of annual reports and their verification by the auditor.
The integral part of this paper is to draw attention to the negative aspects of the changes, suggest possible measures to address the drawbacks and facilitate the decision-making process of potential founders whether or not to establish a foundation or endowment fund while respecting legal and accounting perspective.

This paper is focused on the detection of the information potential of the financial statements of non-profit organizations of two selected states. The accounting law limits the content and format of the financial reports forming the complex of the financial statements. Non-profit organizations shall use the system of double-entry accounting or single-entry accounting. Depending on the chosen system of accounting they prepare financial statements in the prescribed structure. In single-entry accounting the financial statement consists of cash receipts and cash payments and the statement of assets and liabilities. In double-entry accounting the financial statement consists the balance sheet, profit and loss statement and notes to financial statements. Collection of information contained in the financial statements shows the status and changes in property, economy of non-profit organization and responds to changes of regulations aristing from membership in the European Union. By performing a literature search using the methods of deduction and comparison were detected identical, analogous, discordant and absentee informations.

Diffusion of Environmental Sciences into economic fields is the result of escalating society pressure for environmental protection. Accounting from position of the primary information system is facing the challenge of how to implement the requirements of management for accounting information with embedded environmental elements. This article aims to highlight the formation of variants of environmental accounting. Financial accounting system has traditionally focused on the status of fixed assets and other assets, obligations and other liabilities, costs and revenues and profit for the company as a whole. The current system of mandatory maintained financial accounting obligation does not determine following environmentally oriented information in the financial statements. International standards and best practices for creating environmental accounting can be used, or company may create own specific concept. The subsystem of environmental accounting designed by specific requirements is becoming acceptable and adjustable part of company information database.

The accounting reform of public finance in the Czech Republic was an issue intensively discussed in political and academic spheres at the turn of the century. As a consequence of this discussion the Ministry of Finance initiated works on the implementation process of new principles which the reform includes. The main purpose of the reform is the convergence of accounting principles of public and private sector and the creation of consolidated final accounts of the whole Czech Republic. The consolidation should contribute to the comparability of the accounts of Czech Republic and other countries within the European Union. The research is focusing on the evaluation of the reform by the selected accounting entities, municipalities to be specific. The findings of the research are discussed with the outlines of the solutions.

The article aims to describe the process of gradual convergence of Czech accounting standards with International Financial Reporting Standards. One of the last steps was the introduction of residual value and component depreciation method in the field of accounting and reporting of long-term assets. The aim of the harmonization processes is to ensure comparability of financial statements on an international scale and clarity for users of financial information. Uniform rules for financial reporting lead to the credibility of financial statements to investors and ultimately affect the competitiveness of firms.

Companies still have to fight for their market position. Positive attitude to environment can be a vital competitive advantage. But each benefit needs some investment. Environmental costs play a vital role in the companies today. The company does not usually know about these costs from a financial accounting. Therefore companies implement environmental managerial accounting, which enables managers to make all key decisions. The companies use a different methods to keep all the costs under control. One of them is standard cost method. The aim of this paper is to capture environmental costs in Alfa company, which operates in the food industry and in the practical part explain and point out to the benefits of using standard cost method.

Financial statements are a necessary base of measurement of financial position and performance of a company, and the clearly proved fact is that the view on financial position and performance is influenced by applied accounting and reporting methods. Objective of the submitted paper is to quantify differences in financial position and performance of companies at application of IFRS. The authors are also aimed at the synthesis of accounting differences between IFRS and the Czech accounting law. In order to fulfil objective of the paper the authors based their work especially on the primary research. They have used the statistic sample of companies where they transformer financial statements of these companies in accordance with the IFRS. Then, the methods of financial analysis have been applied in order to quantify the differences in the financial position and performance at application of the IFRS.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of ownership concentration and other firm specific factors on company financial performance of 102 listed companies at Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) over a two-year period from 2008 to 2009. The data are gathered through annual reports of respective companies. Both pooled and ordinary least square (OLS) regressions are used to analyze the data. Using ROA as the dependent variable, it is revealed that ownership concentration does not have a significant positive relationship with ROA. However, firm size, quick ratio and inventory having positive impact on ROA. But the debt ratio negatively relate with financial performance. The overall explanatory power of the model is below average and further research is necessary to increase the statistical power of the model.

The article deals on unemployment in the context of social, tax and evacuating. Unemployment is a global economic, social and psychological problem, whose growth is closely linked with the economic crisis. Approach to solving unemployment is different between countries. In the Czech Republic, moreover, due to the relative generosity of the welfare system pushes the unwillingness of some of the unemployed to work. Aim of this article is to design economic incentives to motivate the unemployed to employment or operation of self-employment, such as cutting and editing insurance and social change in the tax on personal income by introducing a tax bonus for the taxpayer.

Příspěvek se zabývá řízením režijních nákladů v podmínkách obslužných jednotek, kde převládá režijní složka nákladů, a kde výstupem podniku není klasicky výrobek, nýbrž služba. Příspěvek zahrnuje pohled na řízení nákladů z hlediska odpovědnostního i procesního a předkládá praktický návod na systematické řízení režijních nákladů v podmínkách obslužných útvarů.

Příspěvek rozšiřuje diskusi k problematice opravných položek k úvěrovým pohledávkám bank. V posledních letech se diskuse orientuje na objektivitu účetního zachycení opravných položek a na negativní makroekonomické efekty současně používaného modelu.
Jedním z pracovních cílů Výboru pro mezinárodní účetní standardy (IASB) v roce 2012 je rozhodnout o modelu účetního zachycení opravných položek. Předmětem řešení jsou tři modely, které umožňují zachytit snížení hodnoty finančních nástrojů - model vzniklých ztrát, model očekávaných ztrát a model dynamických opravných položek.
Záměrem příspěvku je na základě popisu základních atributů modelu dynamických opravných položek rozebrat dopady případného zavedení dynamického modelu opravných položek na ziskovost bank a na požadovanou výši bankovního kapitálu.

Těžištěm příspěvku je analýza významu účetních informací pro finanční řízení podniků v České republice a prezentace výsledků výzkumů z let 2007 a 2009. Cílem článku je také poukázat na důležitost srovnatelnosti účetních informací pro podniky z hlediska dopadů na jejich výkonnost a konkurenceschopnost. Základem úspěšného finančního řízení je využití postupů finanční analýzy, plánování, controllingu a reportingu. Všechny manažerské metody jsou založeny na kvalitních vstupních informacích z finančního a manažerského účetnictví. Účetnictví podléhá neustálým změnám a vývoji nejen v Evropě, ale i ve světě. Z toho důvodu význam Mezinárodních standardů účetního výkaznictví (IFRS) bude v českém účetním prostředí dále vzrůstat.

Primárním cílem nevýdělečných organizací je naplnění poslání nepřinášející přímý zisk, ale užitek v modifikaci veřejně prospěšné služby. Typologie nevýdělečného sektoru prezentuje specifické postavení organizací v národním hospodářství. Organizace jsou považovány za účetní jednotky a daňové poplatníky. Výjimky mají zdůraznit vizi neziskovosti v kontextu tržního prostředí. Identifikace klíčových specifik je nezbytná pro orientaci v rozsáhlé legislativě.

Cílem příspěvku je seznámit čtenáře s platnými právními předpisy pro vedení účetnictví některých vybraných účetní jednotky v letech 2010 a 2011 a také upozornit na problémy s uplatněním účetních metod v praxi v souvislosti s přezkoumáním hospodaření územních samosprávných celků a dobrovolných svazků obcí a auditem účetní závěrky některých vybraných účetních jednotek v kontextu účetní reformy veřejných financí v České republice.

Článek se zabývá komparativní analýzou současného koncepčního rámce IASB s návrhem nového vylepšeného znění, které je tvořeno v rámci společného konvergenčního projektu Rady pro mezinárodní účetní standardy (IASB) a amerického výboru pro vydávání účetních standardů (FASB). Následně jsou analyzovány některé z toho vyplývající důsledky pro účetnictví v České republice.

Článek se zabývá kreativním účetnictvím v akciové společnosti, ukazuje výhody a nevýhody a také popisuje důvody akcionářů deformovat účetní výkazy.