Acta academica karviniensia 2023, 23(2):18-35 | DOI: 10.25142/aak.2023.012
Avoiding Cyberbullying: What Is the Parental Role in this Issue?
- Slezská univerzita, Obchodně podnikatelská fakulta, Univerzitní nám. 1934/3, 733 40 Karviná
With the rise of social networks, bullying has also developed in this space, where we talk about cyberbullying. This makes students much more exposed to bullying, as cyberbullying encroaches on their personal space through the online world. The current study explores how the role of parents can help mitigate the effects of cyberbullying on secondary school students. Primary data was collected through an online survey in the chosen secondary schools. In total, responses were obtained from 267 students who completed surveys measuring their participation in cyberbullying, including parents' roles when using the Internet. The results show that parental control and behaviour have a significant effect on mitigating cyberbullying perpetration. Additionally, a link was found between parental control, behaviour, and social media use behaviour. An interesting finding is that when there is parental control, children are much more often inclined to use social networks than when they are not so monitored. The results show that parental control for monitoring Internet content or apps has a negative effect on the social media use of the children monitored. They are much more likely to use social media to forget personal problems or use it so much that it has a negative impact on their studies. It has been found that when parents explain how to use the internet safely, children are very rarely able to limit the use of social networks. The research suggests that parental behaviour appears to be much more crucial in the parenting role than parental control.
Keywords: cyberbullying, online behaviour, parental control, secondary school students.
JEL classification: M39
Received: July 26, 2023; Revised: August 22, 2023; Accepted: November 22, 2023; Published: December 4, 2023 Show citation
References
- ÁLVAREZ-GARCÍA, D., J. C. N. PÉREZ, A. D. GONZÁLEZ and C. R. PÉREZ, 2015. Risk factors associated with cybervictimization in adolescence. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(3), 226-235. ISSN 1697-2600.
Go to original source...
- BALDRY, A. C., D. P. FARRINGTON and A. SORRENTINO, 2015. "Am I at risk of cyberbullying"? A narrative review and conceptual framework for research on risk of cyberbullying and cybervictimization: The risk and needs assessment approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23(1), 36-51. ISSN 1359-1789.
Go to original source...
- BALDRY, A. C., A. SORRENTINO and D. P. FARRINGTON, 2019. Cyberbullying and cybervictimization versus parental supervision, monitoring and control of adolescents' online activities. Children and Youth Services Review, 96(1), 302-307. ISSN 0190-7409.
Go to original source...
- BARTOLO, M. G., A. L. PALERMITI, R. SERVIDIO, P. MUSSO and A. COSTABILE, 2019. Mediating Processes in the Relations of Parental Monitoring and School Climate with Cyberbullying: The Role of Moral Disengagement. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 568-594. ISSN 1841-0413.
Go to original source...
- BUELGA, S., B. MARTÍNEZ-FERRER and M. J. CAVA, 2017. Differences in family climate and family communication among cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyber bully-victims in adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 76(1), 164-173. ISSN 0747-5632.
Go to original source...
- CASSIDY, W., K. BROWN and M. JACKSON, 2012. "Making kind cool": Parents' suggestions for preventing cyber bullying and fostering cyber kindness. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 46(4), 415-436. ISSN 0735-6331.
Go to original source...
- CHEN, L., S. S. HO and M. O. LWIN, 2017. A meta-analysis of factors predicting cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: From the social cognitive and media effects approach. New Media and Society, 19(8), 1194-1213. ISSN 1461-4448.
Go to original source...
- CLARKE, K., P. COOPER and C. CRESWELL, 2013. The Parental Overprotection Scale: Associations with child and parental anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(2), 618-624. ISSN 0165-0327.
Go to original source...
- DISHION, T. J. and R. J. MCMAHON, 1998. Parental monitoring and the prevention of child and adolescent problem behavior: A conceptual and empirical formulation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 61-75. ISSN 1573-2827.
Go to original source...
- DOTY, J. L., A. L. GOWER, R. E. SIEVING, S. L. PLOWMAN and B. J. MCMORRIS, 2018. Cyberbullying victimization and perpetration, connectedness, and monitoring of online activities: Protection from parental figures. Social Sciences, 7(12), 265-278. ISSN 2076-0760.
Go to original source...
- DWAIRY, M. A., 2010. Parental inconsistency: A third cross-cultural research on parenting and psychological adjustment of children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(1), 23-29. ISSN 1573-2843.
Go to original source...
- ELSAESSER, C., B. RUSSELL, C. M. OHANNESSIAN and D. PATTON, 2017. Parenting in a digital age: A review of parents' role in preventing adolescent cyberbullying. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 35(1), 62-72. ISSN 1359-1789.
Go to original source...
- EVANGELIO, C., P. RODRÍGUEZ-GONZÁLEZ, J. FERNÁNDEZ-RÍO and S. GONZALEZ-VILLORA, 2022. Cyberbullying in elementary and middle school students: A systematic review. Computers and Education, 176, 104356. ISSN 0360-1315.
Go to original source...
- FARKAS, M. S. and W. S. GROLNICK, 2010. Examining the components and concomitants of parental structure in the academic domain. Motivation and Emotion, 34(3), 266-279. ISSN 1573-6644.
Go to original source...
- FLOROS, G. D., K. E. SIOMOS, V. FISOUN, E. DAFOULI and D. GEROUKALIS, 2013. Adolescent online cyberbullying in Greece: The impact of parental online security practices, bonding, and online impulsiveness. Journal of School Health, 83(6), 445-453. ISSN 1746-1561.
Go to original source...
- GABRIELLI, J., L. MARSCH and S. TANSKI, 2018. TECH parenting to promote effective media management. Pediatrics, 142(1), e20173718. ISSN 1098-4275.
Go to original source...
- GÁMEZ-GUADIX, M., I. ORUE, P. K. SMITH and E. CALVETE, 2013. Longitudinal and reciprocal relations of cyberbullying with depression, substance use, and problematic internet use among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 446-452. ISSN 1879-1972.
Go to original source...
- GIUMETTI, G. W. and R. M. KOWALSKI, 2016. Cyberbullying matters: Examining the incremental impact of cyberbullying on outcomes over and above traditional bullying in North America. In: R. NAVARRO, S. YUBERO, and E. LARRAÑAGA eds., Cyberbullying across the globe: Gender, family, and mental health. Switzerland: Springer Science + Business Media, s. 117-130. ISBN 978-3-319-25552-1.
Go to original source...
- GHOSH, A. K., K. BADILLO-URQUIOLA and P. WISNIEWSKI, 2018. Examining the effects of parenting styles on offline and online adolescent peer problems. In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference on Supporting Groupwork. Sanibel Island: ACM s. 150-153. ISBN 978-1-4503-5562-9/18/01.
Go to original source...
- GÖRZIG, A. and H. MACHACKOVA, 2015. Cyberbullying from a socio-ecological perspective: A contemporary synthesis of findings from EU kids online. LSE Department of Media and Communications, working paper n. 36, s. 1-37. ISSN 1474-1938.
- GROLNICK, W. S. and E. M. POMERANTZ, 2009. Issues and challenges in studying parental control: Toward a new conceptualization. Child Development Perspectives, 3(3), s. 165-170. ISSN 1750-8606.
Go to original source...
- GUNNELL, K. E., M. F. FLAMENT, A. BUCHHOLZ, K. A. HENDERSON, N. OBEID, N. SCHUBERT and G. S. GOLDFIELD, 2016. Examining the bidirectional relationship between physical activity, screen time, and symptoms of anxiety and depression over time during adolescence. Preventive Medicine, 88, s. 147-152. ISSN 0091-7435.
Go to original source...
- HALE, L. and S. GUAN, 2015. Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21, s. 50-58. ISSN 1087-0792.
Go to original source...
- HELFRICH, E. L., J. L. DOTY, Y.-W. SU, J. L. YOURELL and J. GABRIELLI, 2020. Parental views on preventing and minimizing negative effects of cyberbullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, s. 105377. ISSN 0190-7409.
Go to original source...
- HO, S. S., L. CHEN and A. P. NG, 2017. Comparing cyberbullying perpetration on social media between primary and secondary school students. Computers and Education, 109, s. 74-84. ISSN 0360-1315.
Go to original source...
- HONIG, A. S. and N. ZDUNOWSKI-SJOBLOM, 2014. Bullied children: Parent and school supports. Early Child Development and Care, 184(9-10), s. 1378-1402. ISSN 0300-4430.
Go to original source...
- HOOD, M. and A. L. DUFFY, 2018. Understanding the relationship between cybervictimisation and cyber-bullying on Social Network Sites: The role of moderating factors. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, s. 103-108. ISSN 0191-8869.
Go to original source...
- KATZ, I., D. LEMISH, R. COHEN and A. ARDEN, 2019. When parents are inconsistent: Parenting style and adolescents' involvement in cyberbullying. Journal of Adolescence, 74(1), s. 1-12. ISSN 1095-9254.
Go to original source...
- KEIJSERS, L., S. J. T. BRANJE, T. FRIJNS, C., FINKENAUER and W. MEEUS, 2010. Gender differences in keeping secrets from parents in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), s. 293-298. ISSN 1939-0599.
Go to original source...
- KOWALSKI, R. M., G. W. GIUMETTI, A. N. SCHROEDER and M. R. LATTANNER, 2014. Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), s. 1073-1137. ISSN 1939-1455.
Go to original source...
- KOWALSKI, R. M., S. P. LIMBER and P. W. AGATSTON. 2012. Bullying in the digital age. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-444-33481-4.
- KOWALSKI, R. M., S. P. LIMBER and P. W. AGATSTON, 2008. Cyber bullying: The new moral frontier. Malden: Blackwell. ISBN 9781405159913.
Go to original source...
- LANGOS, C., 2012. Cyberbullying: The challenge to define. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(6), s. 285-289. ISSN 2152-2715.
Go to original source...
- LAURIN, J. C., M. JOUSSEMET, R. E. TREMBLAY and M. BOIVIN, 2015. Early forms of controlling parenting and the development of childhood anxiety. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11), s. 3279-3292. ISSN 1573-2843.
Go to original source...
- LEE, S. J., 2013. Parental restrictive mediation of children's internet use: Effective for what and for whom? New Media and Society, 15(4), s. 466-481. ISSN 1461-4448.
Go to original source...
- LEREYA, S. T., M. SAMARA and D. WOLKE, 2013. Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim: A meta-analysis tudy. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(12), s. 1091-1103. ISSN 0145-2134
Go to original source...
- LIVINGSTONE, S., L. HADDON, A. GÖRZIG and K. ÓLAFSSON, 2011. Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children. London: LSE Research Online. ISSN 2045-256X.
- LÖSEL, F. and D. P. FARRINGTON, 2012. Direct protective and buffering protective factors in the development of youth violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(2), s. 8-S23. ISSN 0749-3797.
Go to original source...
- LWIN, M. O., A. STANALAND and A. D. MIYAZAKI, 2008. Protecting children's privacy online: How parental mediation strategies affect website safeguard effectiveness. Journal of Retailing, 84(2), s. 205-217. ISSN 0022-4359.
Go to original source...
- MARAS, D., M. F. FLAMENT, M. MURRAY, A. BUCHHOLZ, K. A. HENDERSON, N. OBEID and G. S. GOLDFIELD, 2015. Screen time is associated with depression and anxiety in Canadian youth. Preventive Medicine, 73, s. 133-138. ISSN 0091-7435.
Go to original source...
- MESCH, G. S., 2009. Parental mediation, online activities, and cyberbullying. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 12(4), s. 387-393. ISSN 1094-9313.
Go to original source...
- MISHNA, F., M. KHOURY-KASSABRI, K. SCHWAN, J. WIENER, W. CRAIG, T. BERAN and J. DACIUK, 2016. The contribution of social support to children and adolescents' self-perception: The mediating role of bullying victimization. Children and Youth Services Review, 63, s. 120-127. ISSN 0190-7409.
Go to original source...
- MONKS, C. P., J. MAHDAVI and K. RIX, 2016. The emergence of cyberbullying in childhood: Parent and teacher perspectives. Psicología Educativa, 22(1), s. 39-48. ISSN 1135-755X.
Go to original source...
- NIKKEN, P. and J. DE HAAN, 2015. Guiding young children's internet use at home: Problems that parents experience in their parental mediation and the need for parenting support. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 9(1), s. 3. ISSN 1802-7962.
Go to original source...
- OFFREY, L. D. and C. M. RINALDI, 2017. Parent-child communication and adolescents' problem-solving strategies in hypothetical bullying situations. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(3), s. 251-267. ISSN 0267-3843.
Go to original source...
- PADILLA-WALKER, L. M., S. M. COYNE, S. L. KROFF and M. K. MEMMOTT-ELISON, 2018. The protective role of parental media monitoring style from early to late adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(2), s. 445-459. ISSN 1573-6601.
Go to original source...
- PADILLA-WALKER, L. M. and D. SON, 2018. Longitudinal associations among routine disclosure, the parent-child relationship, and adolescents' prosocial and delinquent behaviors. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(6), s. 1853-1871. ISSN 0265-4075.
Go to original source...
- PADILLA-WALKER, L. M., L. A. STOCKDALE, D. SON, S. M. COYNE and S. C. STINNETT, 2019. Associations between parental media monitoring style, information management, and prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(1), s. 180-200. ISSN 0265-4075.
Go to original source...
- PETER, I. K. and F. PETERMANN, 2018. Cyberbullying: A concept analysis of defining attributes and additional influencing factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, s. 350-366. ISSN 0747-5632.
Go to original source...
- SAMPASA-KANYINGA, H. and H. A. HAMILTON, 2015. Use of social networking sites and risk of cyberbullying victimization: A population-level study of adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(12), s. 704-710. ISSN 2152-2715.
Go to original source...
- SASSON, H. and G. MESCH, 2017. The role of parental mediation and peer norms on the likelihood of cyberbullying. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 178(1), s. 15-27. ISSN 0022-1325.
Go to original source...
- SCHIFFRIN, H. H., M. LISS, H. MILES-MCLEAN, H. A. GEARY, A. J. ERCHULL and T. TASHNER, 2014. Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students' well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), s. 548-557. ISSN 1573-2843.
Go to original source...
- SHAPKA, J. D. and D. M. LAW, 2013. Does one size fit all? Ethnic differences in parenting behaviors and motivations for adolescent engagement in cyberbullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5), s. 723-738. ISSN 1573-6601.
Go to original source...
- SMITH, P. K., J. MAHDAVI, M. CARVALHO, S. FISHER, S. RUSSELL and N. TIPPETT, 2008. Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), s. 376-385. ISSN 1469-7610.
Go to original source...
- STATTIN, H. and M. KERR, 2000. Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child Development, 71(4), s. 1072-1085. ISSN 1467-8624.
Go to original source...
- TALVES, K. and V. KALMUS, 2015. Gendered mediation of children's internet use: A keyhole for looking into changing socialization practices. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 9(1), s. 4. ISSN 1802-7962
Go to original source...
- UNGAR, M., 2009. Overprotective parenting: Helping parents provide children the right amount of risk and responsibility. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(3), s. 258-271. ISSN 0192-6187.
Go to original source...
- WAIZENHOFER, R. N., C. M. BUCHANAN and J. JACKSON-NEWSOM, 2004. Mothers' and fathers' knowledge of adolescents' daily activities: Its sources and its links with adolescent adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(2), s. 348-360. ISSN 1939-1293.
Go to original source...
- WALRAVE, M. and W. HEIRMAN, 2011. Cyberbullying: Predicting Victimisation and Perpetration. Children and Society, 25(1), s. 59-72. ISSN 1099-0860.
Go to original source...
- WISNIEWSKI, P., H. XU, J. M. CARROLL and M. B. ROSSON, 2013. Grand challenges of researching adolescent online safety: A family systems approach. In: Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems AMCIS 2013, Chicago: IL, s. 1-8. ISBN 978-0-615-55907-0.
- WISNIEWSKI, P., H. JIA, H. XU, M. B. ROSSON and J. M. CARROLL, 2015. "Preventative" vs. "reactive" how parental mediation influences teens' social media privacy behaviors. In: Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, Vancouver: CSCW, s. 302-316. ISBN 978-1-4503-2922-4.
Go to original source...
- WRIGHT, M. F., 2015. Cyber victimization and adjustment difficulties: The mediation of Chinese and American adolescents' digital technology usage. CyberPsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research in Cyberspace, 9(1), s. 7. ISSN 1802-7962.
Go to original source...
- WRIGHT, M. F., 2018. Cyberbullying Victimization through Social Networking Sites and Adjustment Difficulties: The role of Parental Mediation. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 19(2), s. 113-123. ISSN 1536-9323.
Go to original source...
- WRIGHT, M. F., 2017. Parental mediation, cyberbullying, and cybertrolling: The role of ender. Computers in Human Behavior, 71(1), s. 189-195. ISSN 0747-5632.
Go to original source...