C12 - Hypothesis Testing: GeneralReturn

The Covid-19 pandemic significantly altered grocery shopping habits worldwide, with online shopping becoming a crucial alternative to physical stores. This quantitative study investigates how the purchasing behaviour of Czech consumers for regional foods has evolved post-pandemic. Utilizing data collected by the research agency IPSOS from 525 respondents aged 18-65, we apply both descriptive and inferential statistical methods to analyse the frequency and determinants of online regional food purchases. Our findings indicate a persistent shift towards online shopping for regional foods, influenced by factor household income. The hypothesis that post-pandemic consumers do not prefer to buy regional food online was tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test, revealing significant demographic influences. The study provides insights into post-pandemic consumer behaviour and highlights the potential for growth in the online regional food market. These insights can guide online retailers and policymakers in enhancing the online shopping experience and supporting regional food producers.

This paper investigates the impact of Foreign Direct Investment inflows on economic growth in Türkiye. The study covers the period from 2006 Q2 to 2019 Q4. Time series datasets obtained from the CBT and FRED database are used for statistical analyses, including ADF, PP, Zivot Andrews Unit Root Tests, the ARDL bounds testing approach, and the Granger Causality tests, to fulfil the empirical part of the study. Based on the obtained findings, it was confirmed that, Foreign Direct Investment inflows have a positive impact on economic growth in Türkiye. Moreover, the results of the Granger causality analysis reveal a bidirectional relationship between FDI and GDP.

Tourism is becoming more and more personalised. New types and forms of tourism are gradually emerging. One of them is dynamically developing cultural tourism which represents trips to tangible and intangible cultural heritage with discovery and learning objectives. The basis of the development of cultural tourism is a sufficient offer resulting from cultural heritage and it also depends on the quality of the service provided which ultimately leads to the satisfaction of visitors to these objects. As part of the research, satisfaction with the visit was evaluated using frequency analysis at three UNESCO heritage sites (Litomyšl Castle, Lednice Castle, Kroměříž Castle). Satisfaction was identified based on 1.500 reviews on the Google.cz portal. for the period 1/2022 to 6/2023. One of the outputs of the research is the creation of a frequency map of the identified key concept expressions of customer reviews. On the basis of the research results, it can be concluded that visitors are above average satisfied with the offer. Words like "comment", "beautiful", "nice", and "lock" are most often found in reviews.

Reading reviews is a common activity for many potential customers when deciding to buy a product from a particular retailer. It is such a common activity that many of them may be unaware that they are influenced not only by the content of the review itself, but also by its style, display, length, and distinctiveness, with a particular cognitive bias behind each of these elements. This has an impact on their decision-making, which may ultimately be illogical. In reality, however, we are affected by hundreds of confirmed distortions that force us to think and act irrationally. If people are not always able to make rational decisions, then many of the economic assumptions need to be reviewed. The aim of this paper is therefore to uncover the cognitive biases that attack potential customers in user reviews and to determine their influence on e-shop popularity ratings. In order to accomplish the objective, a survey was conducted among the TOP 100 e-shops on the Czech market, from which were selected 70 e-shops to identify the most frequently occurring cognitive biases. In the first step, the heuristic method of observing e-shop websites was used. In the second step, a chi-square two-sample test was used to obtain results due to the nominal nature of the data under study. It was found that in terms of the user interface, the most emerging biases are bandwagon effect, apophenia, authority bias and social proof. Then, in the case of examining the reviews themselves, it was found that availability bias, story bias, processing difficulty effect, negativity effect and authority bias were determined to be the most likely to influence potential customers. Some of these biases were also found to affect the popularity ratings of the e-shop, which marketing managers should pay attention to because of the link between popularity and loyalty.

The following work should briefly outline environmental conditions for innovative entrepreneurs and start-ups in an area of information and telecommunication technologies, conditions in the Czech Republic and present research of the effect of subsidies on innovative companies and innovation results. Although some studies show correlations among subsidies in ICT, innovations and economic growth, it is usually reflected only in some industry sectors and in some stage of economy evolution. Or there is a correlation only if there are also other fulfilled conditions as investments into human resources. In general, studies mostly yield evidence of strong positive correlations between ICT areas and economic growth in modern economies as it participates in the reduction of transaction costs, increases production factor productivity and creates completely new solutions for current problems.

The article presents the analysis of the shopping behaviour of customers on "business to business" markets. The aim of this article is to describe the influence of shopping behaviour of organisations on setting the price of assets. The article compares two surveys carried out in the period of three years (from 2009 to 2011). Another aim of this article is to provide criteria that influence purchasing behaviour of customers which, thus affect the pricing of assets. The research showed that for assessing the value of property, the most important aspects are in operational reliability and operating costs. Valuation of assets in Czech financial accounting is based on the principle of a cost history. For the monetary valuation of assets, what is most important is the original cost of that asset. An organisation sees a problem with assessing cost, when its accounting value is minimal. This property is functional and it is necessary to reevaluate those assets in actual value for the purpose of managerial accounting. Expression of fair value of assets affects shopping behaviour of customers when they are buying assets and making decisions according to their own property criteria. The amount of value given to an asset is determined by how it meets their need, respectively, their criteria.

This article explores CAPM equilibrium model with the objective to formulate and test hypotheses that should equilibrium model of capital asset pricing holds whether one believes in this model. We examined whether the strategies with respect to risk (Beta) over long period produce returns consistent with modern capital theory, as well as of CAPM model. Therefore we formulated an hypotheses whether higher risk, expressed by Beta, should be associated with a higher level of return and whether the return is linearly related to market portfolio through Beta coefficient significantly. To test this hypothesis on empirical data we used two tests of CAPM model, test of Sharpe and Cooper and test of Black, Jensen, and Scholes.