G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; GoodwillReturn

The financial decision-making processes in family-owned enterprises have become a prominent subject due to the notable influence these businesses exert on national economies. This article seeks to identify and compare the standard budgeting practices of family and non-family firms within the Czech Republic, addressing a considerable gap in research and empirical confirmation concerning family businesses. While no significant differences were found in most financial management tools, the study identified differences in budgeting instruments, particularly in preparing income statements and the frequency of budget monitoring and control. Family businesses tend to involve owners in budget preparation, whereas non-family firms delegate this task to financial departments. Despite the lack of statistical significance in many areas, the study suggests that family businesses may face unique challenges in financial management due to factors like family dynamics and succession planning. Traditional budgeting methods remain dominant, with minimal adoption of modern approaches such as activity-based or flexible budgeting. The study employs statistical analysis to identify potential familial impacts on different budgeting facets to accomplish this objective. The empirical research has been conducted through a questionnaire survey. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the budgeting principles employed by Czech family businesses, encompassing the influence of family involvement, traditional budgeting criticism, ownership structure, financial decision-making, and business stability.  

During its life cycle, a company needs different amounts of funds, which can come from different entities. Each company has a specific structure of funding sources with respect to geographical and industry affiliation. The size of the company also has an impact on the structure of these sources. There is a number of determinants that affects the financial structure which is why a universal recommendation cannot be found. Thanks to these facts, more and more research has been created for over half a century. However, it is not possible to focus on individual companies and so compare different industries and economies. This research expands knowledge in the industry of information and telecommunication technologies in the countries of the extended Visegrád Group (V4 plus Austria, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia). Medium and (very) large companies during the period 2010–2018 are analysed. The aim of this research is to determine whether profitability, liquidity, asset structure, GDP growth rate, inflation rate and reference interest rate affect the level of total, long-term and short-term debt. The Generalized Method of Moments was chosen to determine these impacts. The main conclusion is that without regard to the size, the level of debt is most affected by determinants that represent the external environment of companies with the level of the reference interest rate having the most significant impact. Therefore, when optimizing and creating the financial structure, companies should take this factor into account and monitor the central bank’s comments on the future development of this interest rate.

The topic of financial or capital structure is one of the very important components of corporate finance, as a wrong adjustment of the ratio of own and external sources of financing can lead a company to bankruptcy. This research expands knowledge in the field of manufacturing industry for eight selected economies of Central and Eastern Europe during the years 2009–2018. A total of 92,504 companies are examined. In addition, companies are divided according to size into medium and large. The aim of the research is to find out whether profitability, liquidity, asset structure, non-debt tax shield, GDP, interest rate has an effect on the amount of total, long-term and short-term debt. The dependencies are investigated by panel regression using the Generalized Method of Moments. Unfortunately, due to the large set of data and variables examined, it is impossible to summarize the results for each economy, but it is concluded that external factors have the greatest impact on the indebtedness level of manufacturing companies. Specifically, the development of the economy and the interest rate.

The basic economic rule in any business should be profit maximization and also each business entity establishes a company in order to generate profit from invested funds. So, profitability indicators have a significant position among the criteria of economic activity. Achieving profitability is influenced by a myriad of determinants. This study focuses on some external determinants. The subjects of the research are companies from eight European economies, which come from two sectors, namely construction and real estate activities, which are divided into twelve groups according to the NACE classification. The aim of the research is to use Generalized Method of Moments to find out whether selected determinants affect corporate profitability or not. The determinants are as follows: GDP growth rate, inflation rate, basic interest rate, unemployment rate, gross fixed capital formation. The research covers the period 2010–2018. In total, over 89,000 companies are surveyed. There is at least one main finding, namely the greatest influence on the level of profitability in the construction and real estate activities sectors has the basic interest rates of individual economies and that this effect is mostly negative.

The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of the structure of funding sources on liquidity of companies in energy sector in the Visegrad group from 2006 to 2015. With the purpose to fulfill the aim, we examine existence and character of relationship between the structure of funding sources (debt equity ratio, equity ratio, return on equity, return on assets and fixed assets to total assets) and liquidity of the companies in energy sector in Visegrad group. The existence of relationship between the structure of funding sources and liquidity of companies is tested by correlation analysis and generalized method of moments (GMM). The results show that there is the negative impact of return on assets on liquidity of companies in the Visegrad group. The liquidity of companies was positively influenced by the return on equity and negatively influenced by debt equity ratio in energy sector in the Visegrad group.

One of the main objectives of this study is to develop a qualitative model that will serve the decision makers' CFOs (chief financial officers), where, as a rule, it is decided without deeper processing of information many factors that affect each other significantly. Lack of appropriate statistical information in connection with turbulently changing environments suggests that further research is needed to extend existing IPO models based on statistical analyzes. The paper is using basic qualitative research of trends. A qualitative trend model can be developed under conditions when the relevant quantitative model must be heavily simplified. The key information input into IPO is expert knowledge.  The solution of a trend model M(X) is a set S of scenarios where X is the set of n variables quantified by the trends. All possible transitions among the scenarios S are generated. An oriented transitional graph G has as nodes the set of scenarios S and as arcs the transitions T. An oriented G path describes any possible future and past time behaviour of the IPO system under study. The case study presents a model based on integration of equationless relations using 8 variables e.g. Market condition, Recognisability or Liquidity risk.  There are 17 scenarios S and 41 transitions T among them. All pairs of relationships are based on trends, either increasing, constant, or decreasing. The key input of the correct IPO timing analysis is based on the knowledge of experts traced from qualitative heuristics. The transition graph is a qualitative interpretation of all possible quantitative time series of all variables used in our IPO timetable and should be used as an effective tool to support CFO decisions.

Stock prices and their fluctuations are analyzed by investors and analytics due to the possibility of achievement the capital earnings. Many variables can affect development of the stock prices; the main categories are macroeconomic factors, industrial variables, and company characteristics. This paper is focused on company characteristics that reflect success of business activities of individual companies. The object of the paper is to investigate the existence of a relationship between selected financial ratios and stock prices of selected manufacturing companies listed on the Prague Stock Exchange and the Polish Stock Exchange. The semi-annual data is analyzed over the 2006 - 2017 period. The long-term relationship between the selected financial ratios and stock prices is examined by using the Johansen cointegration test. The existence of short-term cointegration linkages is analyzed using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The findings show that there are sporadic relationships between the stock prices and financial ratios. It seems that investors could be interested in macroeconomic factors, industry variables or they do not have a relevant education to evaluate the financial information.

This paper examines whether Borsa Istanbul (BIST) 100 index returns as well as individual stock returns are normally distributed and whether return distributions approach normal for longer return periods. Data include the daily aggregate market returns, i.e., BIST-100 index returns, and 9 firms' daily returns in 3 sectors, i.e. banking, automotive and holding. Data period is from 2004 to 2018Q1. Three types of normality tests, Shapiro-Wilk, Jarque-Bera and Kolmogorov-Smirnow were applied. The results showed that returns seemed to have leptokurtic distribution instead of normal distribution and as the return period increases, distribution of returns approached normal. This suggests that investors should not rely on the normality of returns assumption while evaluating risk for shorter return periods.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the liquidity and solvency of commercial banks in the Visegrad countries during the 2000-2016 period and to determine whether banks that belong to a financial conglomerate are more or less liquid and solvent than other banks in the sector. We used four liquidity ratios and one solvency ratio and compared the value of these ratios of banks with the median values in each banking sector. We will focus on banks from five financial conglomerates: Erste Group, KBC Group, Raiffeisen Bank International AG, Société Générale Group and UniCredit Group. All banks that belong to a financial conglomerate in Hungary are more solvent and mostly more liquid than other banks in the Hungarian banking sector. Banks from all analyzed groups held a higher buffer of liquid assets and mostly focus less on providing loans to non-bank customers. As the other results are mixed (for individual financial groups, individual countries, individual financial ratios), we cannot confirm that banks in a financial conglomerate are more or less liquid and solvent than other banks in the banking sector.

The aim of this paper is to determine the relationship between selected financial indicators and liquidity of companies (corporate liquidity) in selected sectors in the Czech Republic from 2000 to 2015. With the purpose to fulfill the aim, the existence and character of relationship between selected financial factors (debt equity ratio, return on equity, share of fixed assets to total assets, share of earnings before interest and taxes to total assets) and liquidity of the companies in sectors such as mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, service sector and energy sector will be examined. The aim of this paper is also to find out how the liquity of companies affects the debt equity ratio, return on equity and share of fixed assets to total assets. The existence of relationship between selected financial factors and liquidity of companies is tested by correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results show that there is a negative impact of share of fixed assets to total assets on liquidity of companies in service sector in the Czech Republic. The liquidity of companies was positively influenced by the return on equity and negatively influenced by debt equity ratio in energy sector in the Czech Republic. On the other hand, it was found that liquidity of companies negatively affects debt equity ratio in energy sector in the Czech Republic. There was also found that liquidity of companies negatively affects the share of fixed assets to total assets. The impact of other selected variables on corporate liquidity has not been demonstrated in other selected sectors.

The first goal of the submitted contribution is to determine objectified value of the construction enterprises. For a low objectified boundary value is applied Direct Capitalization Method. The main aim of this contribution is using the model of simple linear regression to express value on the appropriate size of equity in the Czech economy in the years 2007-2014. Research sample (N=35) includes medium and large construction enterprises operating in the Czech Republic. The legal form of construction enterprises is Public Limited Company and Private Limited Company. These construction enterprises are valued at eight consecutive years. This resulted in a total of 278 values of construction enterprises. The regression model that includes a total of 278 observations. An integral part of the model of simple linear regression are the assumptions that give the model adequacy. The final regression model can be recommended for expert practice fast, simple, impartial estimate may be used for purposes of business economics. An important part is also a demonstration appropriately selected transformation data series that allows the use of simple linear regression model.

The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of the selected financial indicators on liquidity of companies in selected sectors in the Czech Republic from 2000 to 2015. With the purpose to fulfill the aim, we examine existence and character of relationship between selected financial indicators (debt equity ratio, return on equity, share of fixed assets to total assets, share of earnings before interest and taxes to total assets) and liquidity of the companies in sectors such as mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, service sector and energy sector. The existence of relationship between financial indicators and liquidity of companies is tested by correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results show that there is the negative impact of share of fixed assets to total assets on liquidity of companies in service sector in the Czech Republic. The results also confirm a positive influence of return on equity on liquidity of companies and negative influence of debt equity ratio on liquidity of companies in energy sector in the Czech Republic.

This study focuses on the identification of factors determining corporate capital structure in the Czech Republic, thereby contributing to an ongoing discussion on the capital structure determinants and the capital structure optimization. The paper aims to provide empirical evidence on the basis of the questionnaire survey. To identify the most significant factors affecting decisions of companies concerning their capital structure and debt policy, the statistical methods and procedures were used for the research evaluation. With the help of the factor analysis, the three key factors were derived: the financial aspects of debt financing, the debt as a tool of further development of the company, and the specifics debt and capital markets. The findings of this study moderately support conclusions of the trade-off theory, and the signalling theory. Furthermore, the survey results indicate that the firms in the Czech Republic start to perceive the capital markets as an integral part of the financial market and as a place for obtaining additional funding.

The analysis of influence of liquidity and profitability on the use of debt financing sources is the object of this research. Exploring just these dependencies is based on the idea as far as debt resources must have positive impact on the functioning of companies, it must obtain the best possible conditions. Whereas acquisition of financial sources in the V4 countries is primarily focused on the banking sector, it is expected that companies, whose profitability is an increasing tendency in time and whose liquidity is stable, respectively growing, provide loans under the best conditions. This statement would thus confirm the results of the trade-off theory of capital structure. The aims of this article is finding answer to question whether there is a positive functional relationship between the independent variables (liquidity and profitability) and the dependent variable (using debt sources) in the manufacturing companies in the Visegrad group's countries of during 2006 and 2013 years.

The paper deals with an analysis of impact of selected factors onto the level of use of debt sources in companies in the building industry in V4 countries from 2006 to 2013. The building branch is considered an indicator of development of an economic cycle, so in the context of the current economic cycle the choice of just this industry was adequate. The aim of the paper is to perform an analysis by means of panel regression and correlation and, based on this, to find the impact of fixed assets on assets and the impact of return on equity on the use of debt sources in companies in the building industry in conditions of the V4. The choice of factors is conditioned by prior studies as well as by financial environment where these companies operate. The analysis is done at two levels. The first level monitors the relations on average values in building in individual countries. The latter value processes data by means of panel regression on a sample of building companies in the category of large to medium companies in individual countries. The results indicate whether the generally valid theories are met in the real environment of economies in Central Europe.

The aim of this paper was to compare the strategy of liquidity risk management of banks belonging to Erste Group and Societe Generale Group in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. We have used three liquidity ratios and compared values of these ratios of subsidiary banks, parent banks and corresponding banking sectors. The results confirmed that each bank has own strategy which combines defensive and offensive approaches to liquidity. In terms of sources of funding, subsidiaries are much safer than both parents bank. Concerning the buffer of liquid assets, Societe Generale as a parent bank is much more liquid than its subsidiaries and also than Erste Group Bank and its subsidiaries. Differences between values of all ratios for parent banks, subsidiaries and corresponding banking sectors are statistically significant which is proved by the analysis of variance for a single factor.

Not only developing countries and transition economies perceive the entry of foreign investors, and the inflow of capital, know -how and other tangible and intangible assets as a catalyst for economic development. Therefore, many countries have liberalized access to foreign capital even conscious of certain negative effects on domestic enterprises trying to attract foreign investors. The host countries after some time analyse the contribution and influence of foreign entities in the domestic economy and assesses whether the resulting effects rather negative or positive, and also how foreign entities are operating in the domestic territory. This article, however, deals with a somewhat different type of analysis, it focuses on the assessment of the functioning and prosperity of foreign-owned entities in the Czech Republic compared with domestic entities in selected sectors. The analysis is focused on the development of return on equity (ROE) and gross domestic product (GDP) of industries. The data from the Financial analyzes of the corporate sector for the years 2004 - 2011 published by the Ministry of Industry and Trade was used to analyze. It was the annual data (including GDP) in five sectors: mining, manufacturing, energy, construction and services.

The aim of this article is to identify the main reasons for the implementation of the IPO strategy according to the contemporary theory, and to compare it with practical approaches to this type of financing in companies that implemented the IPO in the Polish capital market. In agreement with the theoretical approaches, respondents from issuer companies mentioned the raising of external equity to be used to finance development investments as the main reason for the IPO implementation. The second most important reason for the IPO implementation is to use publicly traded shares for later acquisitions and mergers. Other important reasons for the IPO implementation include the increase of publicity and enhancement of the corporate image, increase in the company's attractiveness as an employer, and the determination of its market value. As far as disadvantages associated with the IPO are concerned, it follows from the results of our survey that respondents were mainly concerned about the time demands and the cost of the entire process when deciding whether to implement the IPO. Neither the fear of a loss or a curtailment of the control over the company, of the broadening of the shareholders' structure, nor the fear of strategic information leaks and its disuse by competitors gained any empirical support.

The article explores the influence of the selected banking risks on the net interest margin (NIM) of banks in the Czech banking sector. The study estimates potential impact of credit, liquidity, interest and capital risks on the net interest margin. The analysis is carried out with the annual panel data of the Czech Republic banks in the period from 2000 to 2009. Panel regression with fixed effects was used as a key method. From the results of empirical tests it is obvious that the selected risks are not significant determinants of the net interest margin. The estimations acknowledge that the growth of the capital risk causes increase in the net interest margin. Whereas the growth of the liquidity risk is connected with decrease in the net interest margin.

This article presents and analyzes the issues related to the identification of fraud risk factors and appropriate response to the imminent risk of fraud. The paper presents examples of fraud risk factors in a general way to refer to all aspects of business. Considerations supported the results of research on issues of fraud, which were conducted on a global scale. Also discussed the role of corporate governance in the prevention of fraud.

One of the significant consequences of the globalization processes is the sharpening of the competitive environment and the sharpening of the subsequent pressure on the business efficiency. Beside the traditional indicators, in the last years the accent is putted on the modern firm performance indicators based on the theory of the shareholder value. The palette of the firm financial performance indicators is therefore relatively broad, what is the reason why the financial analytics stay in front of the problem to choose the set of indicators which would reflect the firm financial performance most precise.
Some of the indicators are in the significant correlation (for instance return indexes), but between another non significant or no correlation exists (for instance return on equity and solvency). In the case of the strong significant correlation it is sufficient to manage only one indicator of that category - that one which is in none or in the statistical non significant correlation with the indicators out of that category.
The main goal of the submitted paper is to compile the set of the key indicators of the firm financial performance what would reflect the financial performance reliable and would rectify the effort of financial analytics to increase it. The starting point to fulfil the goal of this paper is the identification of those financial indicators between none or the statistical insignificant correlation exists.

The topic of this paper is the efficiency of different types of cooperatives in the period of economic crisis in Czech Republic. This efficiency is analyzed on the principle of financial (quantitative) data, that was derived from financial statements of cooperatives. The aim of this paper is to analyze efficiency of different types of cooperatives in Czech Republic in years 2006 - 2008. Partial aim of this paper is a comparison of developed efficiency of different types of cooperatives with industrial enterprises, analyze of developed deviations and examination of beginning economic crisis impacts to cooperatives.