H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies including sales and value-added (VAT)Return

This paper presents the results of an eye-tracking experiment to uncover the indirect administrative burden related to a general road tax. The aim of the research was to use eye-tracking technology and a supplementary questionnaire survey to identify the time taken to complete the model road tax return form used in the Czech Republic. Simultaneously, the aim was to test the possibility of using neuroscience technology for research in the field of accounting research. In the experiment, we focused on the following factors: the effect of a number of vehicles; the effect of gender; the context of educational attainment; previous experience of completing the tax return form; car ownership, and their effect on the dependent variable - total time to complete the form. According to our results, filling in a higher number of vehicles brings time savings of scale for the participants. For this reason, a regressive impact of the administrative burden generated can be assumed, with a more significant impact on owners of a lower number of vehicles.

The application of the super-deduction of a tax as a support R&D in tax entities is primarily conditional on an assessment of whether the activity is in fact research and development. The aim of the paper is to analyse the structure of entities applying the super-calculation of research and development costs in the Slovak Republic in the period from 2015 to 2018 as well after the increase in the super-calculation rates in 2019. In the paper we mostly use quantitative statistical analysis. The rate of Slovak entities application of super-deduction in the individual years examined is low, despite a gradual increase in rates up to 150% (plus 100% year-on-year growth) in 2019. The assumption that the number of companies applying super-deduction would increase even with the increasing number of employees of the company has not been confirmed. During the period considered, companies with 10 to 50 employees applied 344 times, which was the cumulative maximum for the entire period considered. This category also prevailed in the individual monitored years. The sectoral structure of the companies is diverse, with the information technology sector predominating, followed by the engineering and electrical engineering sectors.

Emission of the greenhouse gases has a significant impact on the environment of the whole planet. Innumerable international plenary sessions have agreed only on partial solutions. The signatory countries came up with the instrument which should improve the air quality- the emission allowances. The politicians and environmentalists involved in the Kyoto Protocol and subsequent Paris Agreement have negotiated emission reductions. Achievement of this goal is established for years 2005 - 2030. 43 % of current greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced. Each allowance represents the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO₂) or the equivalent amount of two more powerful greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N₂O) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Allowances are distributed among individual countries, which allocate them free of charge to plants, factories and other fixed installations. These emission allowances can be the subject of trade between these operators. All these facts result in questions related to the accounting methods. How many allowances are needed? Should they be recognised as an asset? Is their price regulation necessary? Can emission allowances reduce greenhouse gases or are government subsidies and compensations - alternatively carbon taxes - more suitable for this purpose? Is the business environment more or less destroyed? The goal of this article is to contribute by critical discussion to easier, fair and true recognition of emission allowances.

The paper deals with the issue of the composition of the Slovak Republic's fleet with an emphasis on the evaluation of environmental aspects, which are either directly or indirectly applied in the construction of motor vehicle tax in this Member State of the European Union. The basic starting point is to evaluate the setting of the tax on motor vehicles from the point of view of supporting the renewal of the vehicle fleet, bearing in mind the limitations of this tax instrument as a result of the taxpayers' payroll. The paper deals with an extensive set of data on the Slovak Republic's fleet on the timeline from 1 January 2007 to 29 March 2018, which was obtained under Act No 221/2000 on free access to information from the Presidium of the Police Institute SK. The file contains 2,166,873 records of road motor vehicles registered in Slovakia during the given timeline. They were processed using the Python scripting language and the database was split into 108 batches of 20,000 records (rows). Subsequently, the individual batches were imported into the Microsoft SQL Server Express database system, which in turn allowed to enter individual commands to select the necessary data using SQL. The data were used to assess motor vehicle tax adjustment in the line of quantification of the most significant groups affecting the tax liability and with an emphasis on identifying the environmental element in the construction of this tax. Specific environmental elements are the increase or increase in the basic tax rate depending on the age of the vehicle, 50% preferential treatment for alternative vehicles or zero tax rate for vehicles whose sole propulsion is electricity.

The following work should briefly outline environmental conditions for innovative entrepreneurs and start-ups in an area of information and telecommunication technologies, conditions in the Czech Republic and present research of the effect of subsidies on innovative companies and innovation results. Although some studies show correlations among subsidies in ICT, innovations and economic growth, it is usually reflected only in some industry sectors and in some stage of economy evolution. Or there is a correlation only if there are also other fulfilled conditions as investments into human resources. In general, studies mostly yield evidence of strong positive correlations between ICT areas and economic growth in modern economies as it participates in the reduction of transaction costs, increases production factor productivity and creates completely new solutions for current problems.

This article focuses on the fiscal incentives for research and development (R&D) in 20 selected EU countries. Although the single market is one of the preconditions of the EU functioning, the market for innovation and R&D within which fiscal incentives operate is very heterogeneous. The article's aim is to compare fiscal incentives and the generosity of tax incentives using the method of B-index (Warda 2001) and tax subsidy rates. Within the EU, only Germany, Finland and Estonia do not currently have a tax policy aimed directly at stimulating R&D. The results indicate the existence of substantial differences in provided incentives - from negative support or tax burden (in Germany, Denmark and Finland) to 43% tax subsidy (for SMEs in France). The most generous R&D tax incentives are in Portugal, France and Spain. Some countries differentiate the level of subsidy across firm types and offer more generous support for SMEs than for large firms, e.g. subsidy tax rates are 29% vs. 10% in the UK and 26% vs. 43% in France. In addition, differences are reported in the largesse of tax subsidy by profit scenario - the highest support is reported in a loss-making scenario in France for SMEs.

The aim of this paper is to analyze, specify and isolate components that form the anticipated multiplier and crowding-out effects of state aid and to discuss its impacts on the public budgets. The author shows that some qualitative and hardly measurable aspects should be included in the multiplier effect. At the same time, various present crowding-out effects partially offset the expected positive results. Several key aspects of state aid are identified to influence the balance of public budgets. First, the distortion of prices of the production factors lead to adjusted tax and social security payments. Second, long-term changes of potential product caused by the provided state aid may create conditions for enhanced economic activity. Last but not least, administration costs connected to state aid should be carefully measured and evaluated.

The objective of the paper is to assess the impacts of the significant factors that shape the existence and economy of a state-funded institution. State-funded institutions are the most frequent units of the public sector and they are established to secure state services. These entities can be found, in particular, in the area of healthcare, social services, culture and education. The paper focuses on the basic elements that influence the existence, operation and economy of state-funded institutions in the area of education. In spite of the fact that these entities are largely subsidised and they are placed in the area of the non-profit sector, they need to respect basic elements of market economy for their effective and economical operation. An increased attention also needs to be paid to the possibilities of multi-source funding, obtaining out-of-the-budget resources and taxation, above all in relation to the value added tax. The relations between individual elements, their connection and mutual influence are of no less importance.

In standard system of VAT taxpayers are obliged to pay output tax, according to the chargeable event regardless of whether the invoices have been paid or not. The principle of cash accounting scheme consists in suspending the obligation to declare and pay tax until the payment is received. This article presents results of research that has been conducted within the student's grant. The aim of the survey was to find out whether entrepreneurs are interested in establishing a cash accounting system. It was found that taxpayers are often forced to put long maturity in their invoices and also 77 per cent of respondents have receivable overdue. The introduction of a cash accounting scheme would be welcomed by 48 per cent of respondents.

The realisation of the internal market, globalisation, deregulation and technology change have all combined to create enormous changes in the volume and pattern of trade in services. The proper functioning of the internal market requires the amendment of the common system of value added tax as regards the place of supply of services. These changes have a major impact on entrepreneurs who are not registered for value added tax. The article deals with the awareness of tax payers registration obligations arising in connection with providing and receiving cross border services. Awareness of respondents was examined in the survey. The hypotheses, which were established before the research, had been verified by using statistical method of Chi-square test.

This article deals with the harmonization of corporate income tax in the European Union. It presents a brief historical development of the harmonization efforts, describes the main principles of the common consolidated corporate tax base for income tax (CCCTB), as it presents the latest proposal for a Council Directive submitted by the European Commission in March 2011, and analyzes the positive, and negative aspects of this proposal both from the perspective of corporations, and of EU Member States. In conclusion briefly summarizes the political - economic barriers that still prevent a faster progress to harmonize corporate income tax in the EU.

The nominal (statutory) rate of the corporate tax rate reflects the tax burden of companies insufficiently, it is necessary to analyze other aspects of the tax structure. The interconnection of corporate and personal income tax belongs among these aspects. The aim of the paper is to map the internal (economic) double taxation in the EU countries using methods of analysis, comparison and synthesis. Since the dividend policy is also the important information for investors for companies setting up and development.